Abbreviations 8-iso-PGF2: 8-Iso-prostaglandine-F2 -SMA: -Smooth muscle actin AF: Atrial fibrillation AGE: Advanced glycation end product Akt: Protein kinase B AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase Apo: Apolipoprotein ApoE / : Apolipoprotein E-deficient ASCVD: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Bad: Bcl-2-associated death promoter Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein BBB: Bloodbrain barrier Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CBF: Cerebral blood flow COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CREB: CAMP-response element binding protein CRP: C-reactive protein CVOT: Cardiovascular outcome trial DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 DPYSL2: Dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 d-ROMs: Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites EndMT: Endothelial-mesenchymal transition eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist GSK-3: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 IB1: Islet-brain-1 IL: Interleukin IRS1: Insulin receptor substrate-1 LDL: Low-density lipoprotein MAP1B: Microtubule-associated protein 1B MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MCAO: Middle cerebral artery occlusion MDA: Malondialdehyde MI: Myocardial infarction MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin MYH11: Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11 NF-B: Nuclear factor-B NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3 NO: Nitric oxide Nrf2: Nuclear factor-erythroid-2related factor 2 NTRK2: Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase PAWR: PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator PCSK9: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 PDE2A: Phosphodiesterase-2A PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase PKA: Protein kinase A REWIND: Researching cardiovascular Events with a Weekly INcretin in Diabetes ROS: Reactive oxygen species SBP: Systolic blood pressure SDF-1: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 sdLDL: Small dense LDL SIRT: Sirtuin SM22: Smooth muscle 22 SOD: Superoxide dismutase STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription SUR1: Sulfonylurea receptor 1 T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cell References Goldenberg RM, Cheng AYY, Fitzpatrick T, Gilbert JD, Verma S, Hopyan JJ
Huang, C.S., M.E
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