Free Cu2+ is toxic (Fenton reactions, hydroxyl radicals), but the GHK-Cu complex is stable, diffusible and delivers copper in a targeted manner to copper-dependent metalloenzymes: lysyl oxidase (collagen/elastin crosslinking), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1, antioxidant defence), tyrosinase (controlled melanogenesis), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
However, some can have some unwanted side effects for specific vitamins, like A and D
Research Resources Explore the Frontier Research Library and Research Peptide Guides for educational content on peptide science, testing, handling, and quality control
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Peptide degradation and plasma stability chapter
All bee products, particularly venom, and honey, have been used for centuries, and their medicinal properties have been described in holy writings such as the Bible and the Quran (Dinu et al., 2024)