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This detection prompts the production of antimicrobial peptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-), immune cell infiltration, and the upregulation of apoptosis-related proteins such as BAX, caspase-3, and caspase-8, which collectively impair skin barrier functionality through mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis [41]

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This information is key for identifying pathway-biased agonists that avoid beta-arrestin-mediated side effects (e.g., tolerance), thereby supporting lead optimization and selection of safer, more efficacious candidates before preclinical studies

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Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists like liraglutide and semaglutide are effective treatments for weight loss in adults with obesity and have several cardiovascular benefits

Vitamin D is essential for proper absorption of calcium, regulating mood, and protecting against heart disease