The evidence also suggests that, in a depleted state, vitamin B-12 is diverted to the hematopoietic system or the kidney
[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 120.Su CL, Sztalryd C, Contreras JA, Holm C, Kimmel AR, Londos C
That said, sublingual supplementation and intramuscular injections both bypass gastric absorption and may have higher efficacy rates
That distinction is the single biggest source of confusion in the field, and we dedicate an entire reference to it: Thymosin Beta-4 vs TB-500 are they the same peptide
The key is individualization
Study Billon 2024 ob/ob mice Duration 12 days Dose & Route 50 mg/kg IP twice daily Outcome (Mouse) Improved metabolic markers in the ob/ob model