The morning dose (fasted, immediately upon waking) captures the natural early-morning cortisol rise and low somatostatin environment
Damage to the tubular endothelial cells can increase leukocyte adhesion, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction, reduce blood flow to nephrons, and damage the glomerular barrier and the extensive network of peritubular capillaries (88)
10.1186/s12951-024-02340-8 156 TsuruA.YoshieM.SuzukiM.MochizukiH.KametakaS.Ohmaru-NakanishiT.et al (2024)
Functional cobalamin deficiency can thus occur at any serum level
During illness, the immune system generates a lot of free radicals, and glutathione helps neutralize them, preventing further damage to your cells
Without intrinsic factor, the B12 in your diet simply passes through your digestive system unabsorbed