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It contains glycine and aspartic acid residues, along with vulnerable peptide bonds, making it susceptible to bond cleavage and hydrolysis
H.et al
Proteins Casein protein [129], whey proteins [130], peptones [131], and different amino acids such as l-glutamine [132], l-phenylalanine [133], L-tryptophan [134], and l-arginine induce GLP-1 secretion through activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), the taste receptor TAS1R1/TAS1R3, G-protein-coupled receptor 6A (GPRC6A) [135], GPR142, peptide transporter-1 (PEPT1) [136], and amino acid (AA) transporter [137] (Fig
SCFAs (especially butyrate and propionate) activate FFAR2/FFAR3 receptors on L-cells, stimulating GLP-1 secretion and improving appetite control
Although the exact mechanism of how this is achieved remains unknown, the authors emphasize the potential ability of GLP-1 to protect the central nervous system [57]