Oral Supplementation Studies suggest that about 56% of an oral B12 supplement is absorbed, but this is largely dependent on the capacity of intrinsic factor (a glycoprotein released by the stomach that is needed for B12 absorption)
In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy
[PubMed] [PMC] Liang Y, Tang Z, Jiang Y, Ai C, Peng J, Liu Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Cai Z (2020) Serum metabolic changes associated with dioxin exposure in a Chinese male cohort
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Ent1 CBM/Chc-NTD complex was crystallized with a 2:1 (protein:precipitant) ratio in a 0.2 M potassium/sodium tartrate and 20 %(w/v) PEG 3350 solution
Start slow when using products that contain glycolic acid