Although ectopic lipid accumulation in peripheral tissue appears to be the primary cause of insulin resistance, increased ER stress, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species levels, dysregulations of adipokines contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in liver and skeletal muscle
The competitive set has broadened from Novo Nordisks semaglutide franchise (Wegovy) to Eli Lillys tirzepatide (Zepbound), which the FDA approved for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight plus comorbidity
Cost per cycle ranges from $150$450 when including bacteriostatic water, syringes, and alcohol swabs
Risk, where present, appears to arise from sustained intake reduction and altered dietary patterns rather than intrinsic malabsorption
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Health Economics and Policy: The inertia toward high GLP-1 prices and volumes may shift