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Although liraglutide and saxagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, both act on the incretin axis, in animal models liraglutide exerted a markedly superior microbiota modulating effect, profoundly restructuring the architecture of the intestinal community
doi: 10.3390/biom11020185 53 PhebyDFHFriedmanKJMurovskaMZalewskiP
Not FDA approved for human use
Funding This work was supported by the Regional Innovation System & Education (RISE) Glocal University 30 Project program, funded by the Ministry of Education (MOE) and the Gangwon State (G.S.), Republic of Korea (2025-RISE-10002)
Potential Side Effects (If Misused) While well-tolerated when dosed properly, side effects can occur if: Dose is too high Used for too long without a break Taken in a fasted or low-blood-sugar state Possible effects include: Mild hypoglycemia (shakiness, dizziness, hunger) Local injection site irritation Temporary water retention Headache or lethargy IGF-1 therapy is generally well tolerated, but dosage, duration, and patient context significantly affect side effect profiles. Cao, J