A limited number of studies have reported increased systemic levels of claudins as a marker for impaired intestinal barrier function, e.g., increased serum claudin-5 in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (67) and increased urinary claudin-3 in patients with active Crohn's disease which was associated with decreased claudin-3 staining in intestinal biopsies (68)
A deficiency in B12 can lead to a reduction in red blood cell production, resulting in a condition known as pernicious anemia
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Among the 55 metabolites identified, the authors have found five potential biomarkers of IBS-D to distinguish from healthy controls: cadaverine, putrescine, threonine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine (78)
Hypoxia-inducible factors and tubular cell survival in isolated perfused kidneys