Data analysed by paired two-tailed Students t-test ( j - m ), unpaired two-tailed Students t-test ( p and r ), one-way ANOVA, multiple comparison, Bonferroni post hoc test ( h ) and two-way repeated measures ANOVA to assess main effects of treatment ( c , d and s - v )
Cycle for 2 to 4 weeks, then assess
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (Rpi) This enzyme is fully reversible and is usually referred to as ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
Many clinics offer numbing creams or ice to further minimize discomfort during the procedure
Vitamin B12 is a premium grade (99%+ purity) research vitamin in lyophilized solution (liquid solution) form
NAD is synthesized de novo from tryptophan or bio-replenished through NAD + precursors such as nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, or nicotinamide riboside, collectively referred to as niacin/B 3 vitamins