doi:10.3389/fnut.2019.00093
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BPC-157 enhances growth hormone receptor expression, modulates VEGF and FGF signaling to promote angiogenesis and tissue repair , reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IFN-gamma, and interacts with the nitric oxide system to provide endothelial protection
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The review identifies several key mechanisms: Nitric oxide modulation : BPC-157 appears to stabilise nitric oxide synthase activity, counteracting both excess NO production in inflammatory conditions and NO deficiency in ischaemic tissues Growth hormone receptor interaction : Evidence suggests BPC-157 acts partially through growth hormone pathways, though the peptide shows activity even when growth hormone receptors are blocked Cytoprotective gene expression : Upregulation of genes encoding heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes within 4-24 hours of administration These studies used intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of reconstituted peptide, with consistent results across different reconstitution protocols provided the peptide was used within 14 days of mixing
