Key Points Native human GLP-1 normalizes hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the short in vivo half-life of this hormone limits its therapeutic application A number of synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, with half-lives between 23 h and several days, have been developed for the long-term treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus Short-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as exenatide and lixisenatide) predominantly lower postprandial glucose levels and insulin concentrations via retardation of gastric emptying Long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists (such as albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide long-acting release and liraglutide) predominantly lower blood glucose levels through stimulation of insulin secretion and reduction of glucagon levels Adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, injection-site reactions, antibody formation and increased heart rate This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access options Subscribe to this journal Receive 12 print issues and online access 186,36 per year only 15,53 per issue Buy this article Purchase on SpringerLink Instant access to the full article PDF
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However, they recommended caution, as these medications may also cause adverse psychiatric side effects in some
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2008250 28 TeitsmaXMMarijnissenAKBijlsmaJWLafeberFPJacobsJW
Studies suggest that BPC-157 positively influences angiogenesis, the process of blood vessel creation which is closely related to healing of damaged tissue
Individuals with T2D are at risk of a spectrum of long-term vascular complications associated with chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (
