4.5 Mitophagy and diabetes complications Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic disease caused by abnormal lipid metabolism or insulin dysfunction, and persistent chronic elevation of blood glucose and long-term metabolic disorders can damage tissues and organs throughout the body, leading to complications such as diabetic kidney disease (DKD), diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), and diabetic muscle atrophy (Wen et al., 2023)
Most research on the peptide has been conducted in animal models rather than human clinical trials
It plays a critical role in detoxification, immune support, and cellular repair
Across a wide range of doses and routes of administration in multiple animal models, no acute lethal or toxic dose has been reported for BPC-157
Only 9 of the 25 compounds have known antioxidant properties, and 12 are anti-inflammatory
Glutathione, a powerful antioxidant composed of three amino acidsglycine, glutamic acid, and cysteineplays a vital role in neutralizing free radicals, detoxifying harmful chemicals, and supporting numerous chemical reactions in the body