Previous studies considered carnitine as an active antioxidant, as carnitine ameliorated DPN by improving cellular energy metabolism by promoting long chain fatty acid -oxidation, stimulating glucose disposal and improving insulin resistance further by restoring Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase activity (26)
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doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03774-9, 18
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The proximal small intestine normally harbours gram-positive organisms like lactobacilli, enterococci, and facultative anaerobes