In transgenic mouse experiments, TFAM overexpression not only increased the mtDNA copy number in mouse hearts by approximately 2-fold but also, under volume overload (VO) conditions, inhibited the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), reduced the activity and abnormal upregulation of MMP-2/9, ultimately alleviating eccentric myocardial hypertrophy, improving cardiac function, and causing no damage to mitochondrial enzyme activity (155)
However, the polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated nanoparticles themselves may unexpectedly trigger the immune systems alarm
P., Baker, J., Perkins, A
Furthermore, its short half-life of less than 3 h (Min et al., 2025) necessitates twice-daily injections to maintain efficacy, which can be a limiting factor for long-term patient adherence
PLoS One 7(6):e38910
it's about having the tools to handle it