MDVs, mitochondrial-derived vesicles
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These results suggest that BPC157 was rapidly metabolized into low levels of a variety of small peptide fragments, finally resulting in a single amino acid represented by [ 3 H]proline, which entered the normal amino acid metabolism and excretion pathway in the body
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Consequently, CHAC1 serves as a central mediator connecting ISR (ATF4) to the antioxidant response (NRF2) and metabolic adaptation (SLC7A11), thereby enabling cells to dynamically fine-tune redox homeostasis and maintain metabolic flexibility during stress (Kre et al., 2023)
Drmic et al., 2017), including liver cirrhosis, induced by bile duct ligation (Sever et al., 2019) or continuous alcohol consumption (Prkacin et al., 2001)