doi: 10.1128/mBio.02310-20 223 GiloteauxLGoodrichJKWaltersWALevineSMLeyREHansonMR
February 2020
If oral bioavailability is low (1030%, similar to some quaternary ammonium compounds), a much higher oral dose would be required to match the plasma exposure achieved with subcutaneous injection
The two compounds are sometimes grouped in the broader 'tissue repair research peptide' conversation, but their actual molecular biology and research lineages are unrelated
Moreover, IR has been associated with microalbuminuria even in normoglycemia, and thus can be present regardless of diabetes diagnosis
Complementary antioxidant supplementation (vitamin E, GSH, -carotene) effectively mitigates oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation, reducing isoprostane excretion and enhancing LDL oxidation resistance (Veltman et al., 2021)